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An RNA 'kissing' complex is formed by the association of two hairpins via base pairing of their complementary loops. This sense-antisense RNA motif is used in the regulation of many cellular processes, including Escherichia coli ColE1 plasmid copy number. The RNA one modulator protein (Rom) acts as a co-regulator of ColE1 plasmid copy number by binding to the kissing hairpins and stabilizing their interaction. We have used heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy to map the interface between Rom and a kissing complex formed by the loop of the trans -activation response (Tar) element of immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and its complement. The protein binding interface was obtained from changes in amide proton signals of uniformly 15N-labeled Rom with increasing concentrations of unlabeled Tar-Tar*. Similarly, the RNA-binding interface was obtained from changes in imino proton signals of uniformly 15N-labeled Tar with increasing concentrations of unlabeled Rom. Our results are in agreement with previous mutagenesis studies and provide additional information on Rom residues involved in RNA binding. The kissing hairpin interface with Rom leads to a model in which the protein contacts the minor groove of the loop-loop helix and, to a lesser extent, the major groove of the stems.

Mapping of a protein-RNA kissing hairpin interface: Rom and Tar-Tar