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Monopla cophor a remain one of the mos t unders tudied andenigma tic molluscan gr oups to da te. Thought to exist only as afossil gr oup, living specimens w ere reco vered in 1952 fromaby ssal P aciÞc w aters off C osta Rica (Lemche, 1957). This sen-sational disco very (Y onge, 1957) energized the deba te aboutmolluscan ev olution. A suite of ne w monopla cophor an speciesw as subsequently described, mos tly from aby ssal and hadaldepths worldwide (Schw abe, 2008), including the Antar ctic(e.g. Schr o¬dl, 2006; W a re«n & Hain, 1992), and hydr othermalvents (W ar e«n & Bouchet, 2001), bringing the kno wn extantdiv ersity to 31 species (see Haszprunar, 2008). These habitatsar e rela tively difÞcult to access, and pr ovide challenges toretrieving living specimens in signiÞcant numbers and goodcondition. Not surprisingly , many monopla cophor an studiessuffer from little and/or poorly pr eserv ed ma terial, and a lackofkno wledge about the living animals.The shallo w est kno wn extant monopla cophor an Laevipilinahyalina McLean, 1979 is kno wn from depths 174 Ð 388 m, alongthe Santa R osa-C ortes Ridge in the continental borderland ofsouthern California (McLean, 1979). It w as the Þrs t monopla-cophor an species to be photogr aphed aliv e, and specimensw ere maintained in aquaria for a maximum of 25 da ys(Lo w ens tam, 1978). It is only kno wn from a restricted range(Fig. 1), but has been collected from the type locality twice,mos t recently in 1977 (Lo w ens tam, 1978). W e revisited this siteto collect living specimens of L. hyalina for molecular studies,and to determine whether it w as possible to raise larvae fromcollected adults maintained in aquaria.Using the UNOLS vessel R/V R obert Gordon Spr oul, w esampled the type locality of L. hyalina (32 859.0

Field collection of Laevipilina hyalina McLean, 1979 from southern California, the most accessible living monoplacophoran