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Accurate measurement of galaxy structures is a prerequisite for quantitativeinvestigation of galaxy properties or evolution. Yet, the impact of galaxyinclination and dust on commonly used metrics of galaxy structure is poorlyquantified. We use infrared data sets to select inclination-independent samplesof disc and flattened elliptical galaxies. These samples show strong variationin S\'{e}rsic index, concentration, and half-light radii with inclination. Wedevelop novel inclination-independent galaxy structures by collapsing the lightdistribution in the near-infrared on to the major axis, yieldinginclination-independent `linear' measures of size and concentration. With thesenew metrics we select a sample of Milky Way analogue galaxies with similarstellar masses, star formation rates, sizes and concentrations. Opticalluminosities, light distributions, and spectral properties are all found tovary strongly with inclination: When inclining to edge-on, $r$-bandluminosities dim by $>$1 magnitude, sizes decrease by a factor of 2,`dust-corrected' estimates of star formation rate drop threefold, metallicitiesdecrease by 0.1 dex, and edge-on galaxies are half as likely to be classifiedas star forming. These systematic effects should be accounted for in analysesof galaxy properties.

Revealing strong bias in common measures of galaxy properties using new inclination-independent structures