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Recent detailed observations of protoplanetary discs revealed a lot ofsub-structures which are mostly ring-like. One interpretation is that theserings are caused by growing planets. These potential planets are not yetopening very deep gaps in their discs. These planets instead form small gaps inthe discs to generate small pressure bumps exterior to their orbits that stopthe inflow of the largest dust particles. In the pebble accretion paradigm,this planetary mass corresponds to the pebble isolation mass, where pebbleaccretion stops and efficient gas accretion starts. We perform planetpopulation synthesis via pebble and gas accretion including type-I and type-IImigration. In the first stage of our simulations, we investigate the conditionsnecessary for planets to reach the pebble isolation mass and compare theirposition to the observed gaps. We find that in order to match the gapstructures 2000 M E in pebbles is needed, which would be only available for themost metal rich stars. We then follow the evolution of these planets for a fewMy to compare the resulting population with the observed exoplanet populations.Planet formation in discs with these large amounts of pebbles result in mostlyforming gas giants and only very little super-Earths, contradictingobservations. This leads to the conclusions that either (i) the observed discsare exceptions, (ii) not all gaps in observed discs are caused by planets or(iii) that we miss some important ingredients in planet formation related togas accretion and/or planet migration.

Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?