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Ongoing and future radio surveys aim to trace the evolution of black holegrowth and feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) throughout cosmic time;however, there remain major uncertainties in translating radio luminosityfunctions into a reliable assessment of the energy input as a function ofgalaxy and/or dark matter halo mass. A crucial and long-standing problem is thecomposition of the radio-lobe plasma that traces AGN jet activity. In thispaper, we carry out a systematic comparison of the plasma conditions inFanaroff & Riley class I and II radio galaxies to demonstrate conclusively thattheir internal composition is systematically different. This difference is bestexplained by the presence of an energetically dominant proton population in theFRI, but not the FRII radio galaxies. We show that, as expected from thissystematic difference in particle content, radio morphology also affects thejet-power/radio-luminosity relationship, with FRII radio galaxies having asignificantly lower ratio of jet power to radio luminosity than the FRI clusterradio sources used to derive jet-power scaling relations via X-ray cavitymeasurements. Finally we also demonstrate conclusively that lobe composition isunconnected to accretion mode (optical excitation class): the internalconditions of low- and high-excitation FRII radio lobes are indistinguishable.We conclude that inferences of population-wide AGN impact require carefulassessment of the contribution of different jet sub-classes, particularly giventhe increased diversity of jet evolutionary states expected to be present indeep, low-frequency radio surveys such as the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey.

Particle content, radio-galaxy morphology and jet power: all radio-loud AGN are not equal