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We present the dissection in space, time, and energy of the region around theIceCube-170922A neutrino alert. This study is motivated by: (1) the firstassociation between a neutrino alert and a blazar in a flaring state, TXS0506+056; (2) the evidence of a neutrino flaring activity during 2014 - 2015from the same direction; (3) the lack of an accompanying simultaneous$\gamma$-ray enhancement from the same counterpart; (4) the contrasting flaringactivity of a neighbouring bright $\gamma$-ray source, the blazar PKS 0502+049,during 2014 - 2015. Our study makes use of multi-wavelength archival dataaccessed through Open Universe tools and includes a new analysis of Fermi-LATdata. We find that PKS 0502+049 contaminates the $\gamma$-ray emission regionat low energies but TXS 0506+056 dominates the sky above a few GeV. TXS0506+056, which is a very strong (top percent) radio and $\gamma$-ray source,is in a high $\gamma$-ray state during the neutrino alert but in a low thoughhard $\gamma$-ray state in coincidence with the neutrino flare. Both states canbe reconciled with the energy associated with the neutrino emission and, inparticular during the low/hard state, there is evidence that TXS 0506+056 hasundergone a hadronic flare with very important implications for blazarmodelling. All multi-messenger diagnostics reported here support a singlecoherent picture in which TXS 0506+056, a very high energy $\gamma$-ray blazar,is the only counterpart of all the neutrino emissions in the region andtherefore the most plausible first non-stellar neutrino and, hence, cosmic raysource.

Dissecting the region around IceCube-170922A: the blazar TXS 0506+056 as the first cosmic neutrino source