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The cloud-scale physics of star formation and feedback represent the mainuncertainty in galaxy formation studies. Progress is hampered by the limitedempirical constraints outside the restricted environment of the Local Group. Inparticular, the poorly-quantified time evolution of the molecular cloudlifecycle, star formation, and feedback obstructs robust predictions on thescales smaller than the disc scale height that are resolved in modern galaxyformation simulations. We present a new statistical method to derive theevolutionary timeline of molecular clouds and star-forming regions. Byquantifying the excess or deficit of the gas-to-stellar flux ratio around peaksof gas or star formation tracer emission, we directly measure the relativerarity of these peaks, which allows us to derive their lifetimes. We present astep-by-step, quantitative description of the method and demonstrate itspractical application. The method's accuracy is tested in nearly 300experiments using simulated galaxy maps, showing that it is capable ofconstraining the molecular cloud lifetime and feedback time-scale to $<0.1$ dexprecision. Access to the evolutionary timeline provides a variety of additionalphysical quantities, such as the cloud-scale star formation efficiency, thefeedback outflow velocity, the mass loading factor, and the feedback energy ormomentum coupling efficiencies to the ambient medium. We show that the resultsare robust for a wide variety of gas and star formation tracers, spatialresolutions, galaxy inclinations, and galaxy sizes. Finally, we demonstratethat our method can be applied out to high redshift ($z\lesssim4$) with afeasible time investment on current large-scale observatories. This is a majorshift from previous studies that constrained the physics of star formation andfeedback in the immediate vicinity of the Sun.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

An uncertainty principle for star formation - II. A new method for  characterising the cloud-scale physics of star formation and feedback across  cosmic history