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We combine inferred galaxy properties from a semi-analytic galaxy evolutionmodel incorporating dark matter halo merger trees with new estimates ofsupernova and gamma ray burst rates as a function of metallicity from stellarpopulation synthesis models incorporating binary interactions. We use these toexplore the stellar mass fraction of galaxies irradiated by energeticastrophysical transients and its evolution over cosmic time, and thus thefraction which is potentially habitable by life like our own. We find that 18per cent of the stellar mass in the Universe is likely to have been irradiatedwithin the last 260 Myr, with GRBs dominating that fraction. We do not see astrong dependence of irradiated stellar mass fraction on stellar mass orrichness of the galaxy environment. We consider a representative merger tree asa Local Group analogue, and find that there are galaxies at all masses whichhave retained a high habitable fraction (>40 per cent) over the last 6 Gyr, butalso that there are galaxies at all masses where the merger history andassociated star formation have rendered galaxies effectively uninhabitable.This illustrates the need to consider detailed merger trees when evaluating thecosmic evolution of habitability.

Exploring the Cosmic Evolution of Habitability with Galaxy Merger Trees