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We perform a combined analysis of cosmic shear tomography, galaxy-galaxylensing tomography, and redshift-space multipole power spectra (monopole andquadrupole) using 450 deg$^2$ of imaging data by the Kilo Degree Survey (KiDS)overlapping with two spectroscopic surveys: the 2-degree Field Lensing Survey(2dFLenS) and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We restrictthe galaxy-galaxy lensing and multipole power spectrum measurements to theoverlapping regions with KiDS, and self-consistently compute the fullcovariance between the different observables using a large suite of $N$-bodysimulations. We methodically analyze different combinations of the observables,finding that galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements are particularly useful inimproving the constraint on the intrinsic alignment amplitude (by 30%, positiveat $3.5\sigma$ in the fiducial data analysis), while the multipole powerspectra are useful in tightening the constraints along the lensing degeneracydirection (e.g. factor of two stronger matter density constraint in thefiducial analysis). The fully combined constraint on $S_8 \equiv \sigma_8\sqrt{\Omega_{\rm m}/0.3} = 0.742 \pm 0.035$, which is an improvement by 20%compared to KiDS alone, corresponds to a $2.6\sigma$ discordance with Planck,and is not significantly affected by fitting to a more conservative set ofscales. Given the tightening of the parameter space, we are unable to resolvethe discordance with an extended cosmology that is simultaneously favored in amodel selection sense, including the sum of neutrino masses, curvature,evolving dark energy, and modified gravity. The complementarity of ourobservables allows for constraints on modified gravity degrees of freedom thatare not simultaneously bounded with either probe alone, and up to a factor ofthree improvement in the $S_8$ constraint in the extended cosmology compared toKiDS alone.

KiDS-450 + 2dFLenS: Cosmological parameter constraints from weak gravitational lensing tomography and overlapping redshift-space galaxy clustering