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For a ground-based radio interferometer observing at low frequencies, theionosphere causes propagation delays and refraction of cosmic radio waves whichresult in phase errors in the received signal. These phase errors can becorrected using a calibration method that assumes a two-dimensional phasescreen at a fixed altitude above the surface of the Earth, known as thethin-layer model. Here we investigate the validity of the thin-layer model andprovide a simple equation with which users can check when this approximationcan be applied to observations for varying time of day, zenith angle,interferometer latitude, baseline length, ionospheric electron content andobserving frequency.

Limits on the validity of the thin-layer model of the ionosphere for radio interferometric calibration