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In order to improve our understanding of landing on small bodies and ofasteroid evolution, we use our novel drop tower facility to performlow-velocity (2-40 cm s^-1), shallow impact experiments of a 10 cm diameteraluminum sphere into quartz sand in low effective gravities (~0.2-1 m s^-2).Using in situ accelerometers, we measure the acceleration profile during theimpacts and determine the peak accelerations, collision durations and maximumpenetration depth. We find that the penetration depth scales linearly with thecollision velocity but is independent of the effective gravity for theexperimental range tested, and that the collision duration is independent ofboth the effective gravity and the collision velocity. No rebounds are observedin any of the experiments. Our low-gravity experimental results indicate thatthe transition from the quasi-static regime to the inertial regime occurs forimpact energies two orders of magnitude smaller than in similar impactexperiments under terrestrial gravity. The lower energy regime change may bedue to the increased hydrodynamic drag of the surface material in ourexperiments, but may also support the notion that the quasi-static regimereduces as the effective gravity becomes lower.

An experimental study of low-velocity impacts into granular material in reduced gravity