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This is the fifth in a series of papers studying the astrophysics andcosmology of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Our sample comprises40 clusters identified as being dynamically relaxed and hot in Papers I and IIof this series. Here we use constraints on cluster mass profiles from X-raydata to test some of the basic predictions of cosmological structure formationin the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm. We present constraints on theconcentration--mass relation for massive clusters, finding a power-law massdependence with a slope of $\kappa_m=-0.16\pm0.07$, in agreement with CDMpredictions. For this relaxed sample, the relation is consistent with aconstant as a function of redshift (power-law slope with $1+z$ of$\kappa_\zeta=-0.17\pm0.26$), with an intrinsic scatter of $\sigma_{\lnc}=0.16\pm0.03$. We investigate the shape of cluster mass profiles over theradial range probed by the data (typically $\sim50$kpc--1Mpc), and test fordepartures from the simple Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) form, for which thelogarithmic slope of the density profile tends to $-1$ at small radii.Specifically, we consider as alternatives the generalized NFW (GNFW) andEinasto parametrizations. For the GNFW model, we find an average value of(minus) the logarithmic inner slope of $\beta=1.02\pm0.08$, with an intrinsicscatter of $\sigma_\beta=0.22\pm0.07$, while in the Einasto case we constrainthe average shape parameter to be $\alpha=0.29\pm0.04$ with an intrinsicscatter of $\sigma_\alpha=0.12\pm0.04$. Our results are thus consistent withthe simple NFW model on average, but we clearly detect the presence ofintrinsic, cluster-to-cluster scatter about the average.

Cosmology and Astrophysics from Relaxed Galaxy Clusters V: Consistency with Cold Dark Matter Structure Formation