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The laboratory work presented here, simulates the chemistry on icy dustgrains as typical for the 'CO freeze-out stage' in dark molecular clouds. Itdiffers from previous studies in that solid-state hydrogenation and vacuumUV-photoprocessing are applied simultaneously to co-depositing molecules. Inparallel, the reactions at play are described for fully characterizedlaboratory conditions. The focus is on the formation of molecules containingboth carbon and nitrogen atoms, starting with NO in CO-, H2CO-, and CH3OH-richices at 13 K. The experiments yield three important conclusions. 1. WithoutUV-processing hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is formed, as reported previously. 2. WithUV-processing (energetic) NH2 is formed through photodissociation of NH2OH.This radical is key in the formation of species with an N-C bond. 3. Theformation of three N-C bearing species, HNCO, OCN- and NH2CHO is observed. Theexperiments put a clear chemical link between these species; OCN- is found tobe a direct derivative of HNCO and the latter is shown to have the sameprecursor as formamide (NH2CHO). Moreover, the addition of VUV competingchannels decreases the amount of NO molecules converted into NH2OH by at leastone order of magnitude. Consequently, this decrease in NH2OH formation yielddirectly influences the amount of NO molecules that can be converted into HNCO,OCN- and NH2CHO.

Simultaneous Hydrogenation and UV-photolysis Experiments of NO in CO-rich Interstellar Ice Analogues; linking HNCO, OCN-, NH2CHO and NH2OH