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Observations of colliding galaxy clusters with high relative velocity probethe tail of the halo pairwise velocity distribution with the potential ofproviding a powerful test of cosmology. As an example it has been argued thatthe discovery of the Bullet Cluster challenges standard $\Lambda$CDM modelpredictions. Halo catalogs from N-body simulations have been used to estimatethe probability of Bullet-like clusters. However, due to simulation volumeeffects previous studies had to rely on a Gaussian extrapolation of thepairwise velocity distribution to high velocities. Here, we perform a detailanalysis using the halo catalogs from the Dark Energy Universe Simulation FullUniverse Runs (DEUS-FUR), which enables us to resolve the high-velocity tail ofthe distribution and study its dependence on the halo mass definition, redshiftand cosmology. Building upon these results we estimate the probability ofBullet-like systems in the framework of Extreme Value Statistics. We show thatthe tail of extreme pairwise velocities significantly deviates from that of aGaussian, moreover it carries an imprint of the underlying cosmology. We findthe Bullet Cluster probability to be two orders of magnitude larger thanprevious estimates, thus easing the tension with the $\Lambda$CDM model.Finally, the comparison of the inferred probabilities for the differentDEUS-FUR cosmologies suggests that observations of extreme interacting clusterscan provide constraints on dark energy models complementary to standardcosmological tests.

Probing dark energy models with extreme pairwise velocities of galaxy clusters from the DEUS-FUR simulations