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Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are known as highly stable celestial clocks.Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed the unstable nature of theirintegrated pulse profiles, which may limit the achievable pulsar timingprecision. In this paper, we present a case study on the pulse profilevariability of PSR J1022+1001. We have detected approximately 14,000 sub-pulses(components of single pulses) in 35-hr long observations, mostly located at thetrailing component of the integrated profile. Their flux densities andfractional polarisation suggest that they represent the bright end of theenergy distribution in ordinary emission mode and are not giant pulses. Theoccurrence of sub-pulses from the leading and trailing components of theintegrated profile is shown to be correlated. For sub-pulses from the latter, apreferred pulse width of approximately 0.25 ms has been found. Usingsimultaneous observations from the Effelsberg 100-m telescope and theWesterbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, we have found that the integrated profilevaries on a timescale of a few tens of minutes. We show that improperpolarisation calibration and diffractive scintillation cannot be the solereason for the observed instability. In addition, we demonstrate that timingresiduals generated from averages of the detected sub-pulses are dominated byphase jitter, and place an upper limit of ~700 ns for jitter noise based oncontinuous 1-min integrations.

Single pulse and profile variability study of PSR J1022+1001