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Formamide (NH2CHO) has been proposed as a pre-biotic precursor with a keyrole in the emergence of life on Earth. While this molecule has been observedin space, most of its detections correspond to high-mass star-forming regions.Motivated by this lack of investigation in the low-mass regime, we searched forformamide, as well as isocyanic acid (HNCO), in 10 low- and intermediate-masspre-stellar and protostellar objects. The present work is part of the IRAMLarge Programme ASAI (Astrochemical Surveys At IRAM), which makes use ofunbiased broadband spectral surveys at millimetre wavelengths. We detected HNCOin all the sources and NH2CHO in five of them. We derived their abundances andanalysed them together with those reported in the literature for high-masssources. For those sources with formamide detection, we found a tight andalmost linear correlation between HNCO and NH2CHO abundances, with their ratiobeing roughly constant -between 3 and 10- across 6 orders of magnitude inluminosity. This suggests the two species are chemically related. The sourceswithout formamide detection, which are also the coldest and devoid of hotcorinos, fall well off the correlation, displaying a much larger amount of HNCOrelative to NH2CHO. Our results suggest that, while HNCO can be formed in thegas phase during the cold stages of star formation, NH2CHO forms mostefficiently on the mantles of dust grains at these temperatures, where itremains frozen until the temperature rises enough to sublimate the icy grainmantles. We propose hydrogenation of HNCO as a likely formation route leadingto NH2CHO.

Shedding light on the formation of the pre-biotic molecule formamide with ASAI