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We investigate the spatial distribution of charged particles accelerated bynon-relativistic oblique fast collisionless shocks using three-dimensionaltest-particle simulations. We find that the density of low-energy particlesexhibit a localised enhancement at the shock, resembling the "spike" measuredat interplanetary shocks. In contrast to previous results based on numericalsolutions to the focused transport equation, we find a shock spike for anymagnetic obliquity, from quasi-perpendicular to parallel. We compare thepitch-angle distribution with respect to the local magnetic field and themomentum distribution far downstream and very near the shock within the spike;our findings are compatible with predictions from the scatter-free shock driftacceleration (SDA) limit in these regions. The enhancement of low-energyparticles measured by Voyager 1 at solar termination shock is comparable withour profiles. Our simulations allow for predictions of supra-thermal protons atinterplanetary shocks within ten solar radii to be tested by Solar ProbeMission. They also have implications for the interpretation of ions acceleratedat supernova remnant shocks.

Localized enhancements of energetic particles at oblique collisionless shocks