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We report on a multi-wavelength observational campaign which followed theEarth's transit on the Sun as seen from Jupiter on 5 Jan the 2014. Simultaneousobservations of Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede obtained with HARPS from LaSilla, Chile, and HARPS-N from La Palma, Canary Islands, were performed tomeasure the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect due to the Earth's passage using thesame technique successfully adopted for the 2012 Venus Transit (Molaro et al2013). The expected modulation in radial velocities was of about 20 cm/s but ananomalous drift as large as 38 m/s, i.e. more than two orders of magnitudehigher and opposite in sign, was detected instead. The consistent behaviour ofthe two spectrographs rules out instrumental origin of the radial velocitydrift and BiSON observations rule out the possible dependence on the Sun'smagnetic activity. We suggest that this anomaly is produced by the OppositionSurge on Europa's icy surface, which amplifies the intensity of the solarradiation from a portion of the solar surface centered around the crossingEarth which can then be observed as a a sort of inverse Rossiter-McLaughlingeffect. in fact, a simplified model of this effect can explain in detail mostfeatures of the observed radial velocity anomalies, namely the extensionsbefore and after the transit, the small differences between the twoobservatories and the presence of a secondary peak closer to Earth passage.This phenomenon, observed here for the first time, should be observed everytime similar Earth alignments occur with rocky bodies without atmospheres. Wepredict it should be observed again during the next conjunction of Earth andJupiter in 2026.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

The Earth transiting the Sun as seen from Jupiter's moons: detection of  an inverse Rossiter-McLaughlin effect produced by the Opposition Surge of the  icy Europa