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Many spiral galaxy haloes show stellar streams with various morphologies whenobserved with deep images. The origin of these tidal features is discussed,either coming from a satellite infall or caused by residuals of an ancient,gas-rich major merger. By modelling the formation of the peculiar featuresobserved in the NGC 4013 halo, we investigate their origin. By using GADGET -2with implemented gas cooling, star formation, and feedback, we have modelledthe overall NGC 4013 galaxy and its associated halo features. A gas-rich majormerger occurring 2.7-4.6 Gyr ago succeeds in reproducing the NGC 4013 galaxyproperties, including all the faint stellar features, strong gas warp,boxy-shaped halo and vertical 3.6 mum luminosity distribution. High gasfractions in the progenitors are sufficient to reproduce the observed thin andthick discs, with a small bulge fraction, as observed. A major merger is ableto reproduce the overall NGC 4013 system, including the warp strength, the redcolour and the high stellar mass density of the loop, while a minor mergermodel cannot. Because the gas-rich model suffices to create a pseudo-bulge witha small fraction of the light, NGC 4013 is perhaps the archetype of a late-typegalaxy formed by a relatively recent merger. Then late type, pseudo-bulgespirals are not mandatorily made through secular evolution, and the NGC 4013properties also illustrate that strong warps in isolated galaxies may welloccur at a late phase of a gas-rich major merger.

The NGC 4013 tale: a pseudo-bulged, late-type spiral shaped by a major merger