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Using results from the Herschel Astrophysical Terrahertz Large-Area Surveyand the Galaxy and Mass Assembly project, we show that, for galaxy masses aboveapproximately 1.0e8 solar masses, 51% of the stellar mass-density in the localUniverse is in early-type galaxies (ETGs: Sersic n > 2.5) while 89% of the rateof production of stellar mass-density is occurring in late-type galaxies (LTGs:Sersic n < 2.5). From this zero-redshift benchmark, we have used a calorimetrictechnique to quantify the importance of the morphological transformation ofgalaxies over the history of the Universe. The extragalactic backgroundradiation contains all the energy generated by nuclear fusion in stars sincethe Big Bang. By resolving this background radiation into individual galaxiesusing the deepest far-infrared survey with the Herschel Space Observatory and adeep near-infrared/optical survey with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), andusing measurements of the Sersic index of these galaxies derived from the HSTimages, we estimate that approximately 83% of the stellar mass-density formedover the history of the Universe occurred in LTGs. The difference between thisand the fraction of the stellar mass-density that is in LTGs today impliesthere must have been a major transformation of LTGs into ETGs after theformation of most of the stars.

H-ATLAS/GAMA: Quantifying the Morphological Evolution of the Galaxy Population Using Cosmic Calorimetry