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A model for pulsars with polar-cap magnetic flux density B antiparallel withrotational spin is described. It recognizes the significance of two elementaryprocesses, proton production in electromagnetic showers and photoelectrictransitions in ions accelerated through the blackbody radiation field, whichmust be present at the polar cap in the antiparallel case, but not for pulsarsof the opposite spin direction. The two populations are likely to beindistinguishable observationally until curvature radiation pair creationceases to be possible. The model generates, and provides a physically realisticframework for, the polar-cap potential fluctuations and their time-scales thatcan produce mode-changes and nulls. The RRATs are then no more than an extremecase of the more commonly observed nulls. The model is also able to support thebasic features of subpulse drift and to some extent the null-memory phenomenonthat is associated with it. Unfortunately, it appears that the most importantneutron-star parameter for quantitative predictive purposes is thewhole-surface temperature, a quantity which is not readily observable at theneutron-star ages concerned.

An incomplete model of RRATs and of nulls mode-changes and subpulses