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We present a comprehensive analysis of different techniques available for thespectroscopic analysis of FGK stars, and provide a recommended methodologywhich efficiently estimates accurate stellar atmospheric parameters for largesamples of stars. Our analysis includes a simultaneous equivalent widthanalysis of Fe I and Fe II spectral lines, and for the first time, utiliseson-the-fly NLTE corrections of individual Fe I lines. We further investigateseveral temperature scales, finding that estimates from Balmer linemeasurements provide the most accurate effective temperatures at allmetallicites. We apply our analysis to a large sample of both dwarf and giantstars selected from the RAVE survey. We then show that the difference betweenparameters determined by our method and that by standard 1D LTEexcitation-ionisation balance of Fe reveals substantial systematic biases: upto 400 K in effective temperature, 1.0 dex in surface gravity, and 0.4 dex inmetallicity for stars with [Fe/H] ~ -2.5. This has large implications for thestudy of the stellar populations in the Milky Way.

Unveiling systematic biases in 1D LTE excitation-ionisation balance of Fe for FGK stars. A novel approach to determination of stellar parameters