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Rare, energetic (long) thermonuclear (Type I) X-ray bursts are classifiedeither as intermediate-duration or superbursts, based on their duration.Intermediate-duration bursts lasting a few to tens of minutes are thought toarise from the thermonuclear runaway of a relatively thick (10^10 g/cm2) heliumlayer, while superbursts lasting hours are attributed to the detonation of anunderlying carbon layer. We present a catalogue of 84 long thermonuclear burstsfrom 40 low-mass X-ray binaries, and defined from a new set of criteriadistinguishing them from the more frequent short bursts. The three criteriaare: (1) a total energy release larger than 10^40 erg, (2) a photosphericradius expansion phase longer than 10 s, and (3) a burst time-scale longer than70 s. This work is based on a comprehensive systematic analysis of 70 burstsfound with INTEGRAL, RXTE, Swift, BeppoSAX, MAXI, and NICER, as well as 14 longbursts from the literature that were detected with earlier generations of X-rayinstruments. For each burst, we measure its peak flux and fluence, whicheventually allows us to confirm the distinction between intermediate-durationbursts and superbursts. Additionally, we list 18 bursts that only partiallymeet the above inclusion criteria, possibly bridging the gap between normal andintermediate-duration bursts. With this catalogue, we significantly increasethe number of long-duration bursts included in the MINBAR and thereby provide asubstantial sample of these rare X-ray bursts for further study.

A catalogue of unusually long thermonuclear bursts on neutron stars