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We analyse 33 Type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) taken from ZTF's BrightTransient Survey to investigate the local environments of their host galaxies.We use a spectroscopic sample of galaxies from the SDSS to determine thelarge-scale environmental density of the host galaxy. Noting that SLSNe aregenerally found in galaxies with low stellar masses, high star formation rates,and low metallicities, we find that SLSN hosts are also rarely found withinhigh-density environments. Only $3\substack{+9 \\-1}$ per cent of SLSN hostswere found in regions with 2 or more bright galaxies within 2 Mpc. Forcomparison, we generate a sample of 662 SDSS galaxies matched to thephotometric properties of the SLSN hosts. This sample is also rarely foundwithin high-density environments, suggesting that galaxies with propertiesrequired for SLSN production favour more isolated environments. Furthermore, weselect galaxies within the Illustris-TNG simulation to match SLSN host galaxyproperties in colour and stellar mass. We find that the fraction of simulatedgalaxies in high-density environments quantitatively matches the observed SLSNhosts only if we restrict to simulated galaxies with metallicity$12+\log($O/H$) \leq 8.12$. In contrast, limiting to only the highest sSFRgalaxies in the sample leads to an overabundance of SLSN hosts in high-densityenvironments. Thus, our measurement of the environmental density of SLSN hostgalaxies appears to break the degeneracy between low-metallicity or high-sSFRas the driver for SLSN hosts and provides evidence that the most constrainingfactor on SLSN production is low-metallicity.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

Metallicity beats sSFR: The connection between superluminous supernova  host galaxy environments and the importance of metallicity for their  production