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Observations of massive galaxies at low redshift have revealed approximatelylinear scaling relations between the mass of a supermassive black hole (SMBH)and properties of its host galaxy. How these scaling relations evolve withredshift and whether they extend to lower-mass galaxies however remain openquestions. Recent galaxy formation simulations predict a delayed, or"two-phase", growth of SMBHs: slow, highly intermittent BH growth due torepeated gas ejection by stellar feedback in low-mass galaxies, followed bymore sustained gas accretion that eventually brings BHs onto the local scalingrelations. The predicted two-phase growth implies a steep increase, or "kink",in BH-galaxy scaling relations at a stellar mass $M_{*}\sim5\times10^{10}M_{\odot}$. We develop a parametric, semi-analytic model to compare differentSMBH growth models against observations of the quasar luminosity function (QLF)at $z\sim0.5-4$. We compare models in which the relation between SMBH mass andgalaxy mass is purely linear versus two-phase models. The models are anchoredto the observed galaxy stellar mass function, and the BH mass functions atdifferent redshifts are consistently connected by the accretion ratescontributing to the QLF. The best fits suggest that two-phase evolution issignificantly preferred by the QLF data over a purely linear scaling relation.Moreover, when the model parameters are left free, the two-phase model fitsimply a transition mass consistent with that predicted by simulations. Ouranalysis motivates further observational tests, including measurements of BHmasses and AGN activity at the low-mass end, which could more directly testtwo-phase SMBH growth.

Running Late: Testing Delayed Supermassive Black Hole Growth Models Against the Quasar Luminosity Function