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This paper presents a systematic study of the photoionization andthermodynamic properties of the cool circumgalactic medium (CGM) as traced byrest-frame ultraviolet absorption lines around 26 galaxies at redshift$z\lesssim1$. The study utilizes both high-quality far-ultraviolet and opticalspectra of background QSOs and deep galaxy redshift surveys to characterize thegas density, temperature, and pressure of individual absorbing components andto resolve their internal non-thermal motions. The derived gas density spansmore than three decades, from $\log (n_{\rm H}/{\rm cm^{-3}}) \approx -4$ to$-1$, while the temperature of the gas is confined in a narrow range of $\log(T/{\rm K})\approx 4.3\pm 0.3$. In addition, a weak anti-correlation betweengas density and temperature is observed, consistent with the expectation of thegas being in photoionization equilibrium. Furthermore, decomposing the observedline widths into thermal and non-thermal contributions reveals that more than30% of the components at $z\lesssim 1$ exhibit line widths driven bynon-thermal motions, in comparison to $<20$% found at $z\approx 2$-3.Attributing the observed non-thermal line widths to intra-clump turbulence, wefind that massive quenched galaxies on average exhibit higher non-thermalbroadening/turbulent energy in their CGM compared to star-forming galaxies at$z\lesssim 1$. Finally, strong absorption features from multiple ions coveringa wide range of ionization energy (e.g., from Mg II to O IV) can be presentsimultaneously in a single absorption system with kinematically alignedcomponent structure, but the inferred pressure in different phases may differby a factor of $\approx 10$.

The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) V: On the Thermodynamic Properties of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium at $z < 1$