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The gamma-ray emission from Starburst and Starforming Galaxies (SBGs andSFGs) strongly suggest a correlation between star-forming activity andgamma-ray luminosity. However, the very nature of cosmic-ray (CR) transport andthe degree of their confinement within SBG cores are still open questions. Weaim at probing the imprints left by CR transport on gamma-ray and neutrinoobservations of point-like SFGs and SBGs, looking into quantitative ways todiscriminate among different transport models. Moreover, following the reportedscenarios, we quantitatively assess the SBGs and SFGs contribution to theExtra-galactic Gamma-Ray Background (EGB data) and the IceCube diffuseobservations (HESE data). We analyse the 10-year Fermi-LAT spectral energydistributions of 13 nearby galaxies with two different CR transport models,taking into account the corresponding IR and UV observations. We generate mockgamma-ray data to simulate the CTA performance in detecting these sources. Inthe way, we propose a test to discriminate between the two CR models,quantifying the statistical confidence at which one model can be preferred overthe other. We point out that current data already give a slight preference toCR models which are dominated by advection in their nucleus. Moreover, we showthat CTA will allow us to firmly disfavour models dominated by diffusion overself-induced turbulence, compared to advection-dominated models, with Bayesfactors which can be as large as $10^7$ for some of the SBGs. Finally, weestimate the diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes of SFGs and SBGs, showingthat they can explain $25\%$ of the diffuse HESE data, while remainingconsistent with gamma-ray limits on non-blazar sources.

Observable Signatures of Cosmic Rays Transport in Starburst Galaxies on Gamma-ray and Neutrino Observations