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Blazars may accelerate protons and/or nuclei as well as electrons. Thehadronic component of accelerated particles in blazars may constitute the bulkof their high-energy budget; nevertheless, this component is elusive due to ahigh value of the energy threshold of proton interaction with photon fieldsinside the source. However, broad line regions (BLRs) of some flat spectrumradio quasars (FSRQs) may contain a sufficient amount of matter to renderprimary protons "visible" in $\gamma$ rays via hadronuclear interactions. Inthe present paper we study the persistent $\gamma$-ray emission of the FSRQ PKS1510-089 in its low state utilizing the publicly-available Fermi-LAT data, aswell as using the spectrum measured with the MAGIC imaging atmosphericCherenkov telescopes. We find an indication for an excess of $\gamma$ rays atthe energy range $\gtrsim 20$ GeV with respect to a simple baselinelog-parabolic intrinsic spectral model. This excess could be explained in ascenario invoking hadronuclear interactions of primary protons on the BLRmaterial with the subsequent development of electromagnetic cascades in photonfields. We present a Monte Carlo calculation of the spectrum of this cascadecomponent, taking as input the BLR photon field spectrum calculated with theCloudy code. To our knowledge, this is the first calculation of electromagneticcascade spectrum inside a blazar based on a direct calculation of the photonfield spectrum with a spectral synthesis code.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

Modelling the persistent low-state $\gamma$-ray emission of the PKS  1510-089 blazar with electromagnetic cascades initiated in hadronuclear  interactions