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The formation and evolution of stellar clusters is intimately linked to thatof their host galaxies. To study this connection, we present the EMP-Pathfindersuite of cosmological zoom-in Milky Way-mass simulations. These simulationscontain a sub-grid description for stellar cluster formation and evolution,allowing us to study the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellarclusters alongside their host galaxies across cosmic time. As a key ingredientin these simulations, we include the physics of the multi-phase nature of theinterstellar medium (ISM), which enables studies of how the presence of a cold,dense ISM affects cluster formation and evolution. We consider two differentstar formation prescriptions: a constant star formation efficiency perfree-fall time, as well as an environmentally-dependent, turbulence-basedprescription. We identify two key results drawn from these simulations.Firstly, we find that tidal shock-driven disruption caused by the graininess ofthe cold ISM produces old ($\tau>10~$Gyr) stellar cluster populations withproperties that are in excellent agreement with the observed populations in theMilky Way and M31. Importantly, the addition of the cold ISM addresses theareas of disagreement found in previous simulations that lacked the cold gasphase. Secondly, the formation of stellar clusters is extremely sensitive tothe baryonic physics that govern the properties of the cold, dense gasreservoir in the galaxy. This implies that the demographics of stellar clusterpopulations represent an important diagnostic tool for constraining baryonicphysics models in upcoming galaxy formation simulations that also include adescription of the cold ISM.

Introducing EMP-Pathfinder: modelling the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellar clusters in their host galaxies