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The atmospheres of sub-Neptunes are expected to exhibit considerable chemicaldiversity, beyond what is anticipated for gas-giant exoplanets. In the currentstudy, we construct self-consistent radiative transfer and equilibriumchemistry models to explore this chemical diversity. We use GJ 436 b as a casestudy to further study joint atmosphere-interior models. In particular, weconstrain the properties of the interior and atmosphere of the planet based onthe available Spitzer measurements. While it is possible to fit the emissionspectrum of GJ 436 b using a high-metallicity model, we demonstrate that suchan atmosphere is inconsistent with physically plausible interior structures. Itremains the case that no existing study can adequately fit the 4.5-micronSpitzer secondary eclipse measurement, which is probably caused by chemicaldisequilibrium. Finally, an information content analysis reveals that emissionand transmission spectra constrain the carbon-to-oxygen ratio and metallicityat different wavelengths, but the former are less susceptible to flat spectrastemming from highly metal-enriched atmospheres. With the recently-launchedJWST, we recommend that future analysis of emission and transmission spectra ofsub-Neptune planets are carried out self-consistently using both theatmospheric and interior structure models.

Chemical diversity of the atmospheres and interiors of sub-Neptunes: a case study of GJ 436 b