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The advanced LIGO O3a run catalog has been recently published, and itincludes several events with unexpected mass properties, including mergers withindividual masses in the lower and upper mass gaps, as well as mergers withunusually small mass ratios between the binary components. Here we entertainthe possibility that these outliers are the outcome of hierarchical mergers ofblack holes or neutron stars in the dense environments of globular clusters. Weuse the coagulation equation to study the evolution of the black hole massfunction within a typical cluster. Our prescription allows us to monitor howvarious global quantities change with time, such as the total mass and numberof compact objects in the cluster, its overall merger rate, and the probabilityto form intermediate-mass black holes via a runaway process. By accounting forthe LIGO observational bias, we predict the merger event distributions withrespect to various variables such as the individual masses M1 and M2, theirratio q, and redshift z, and we compare our predictions with the published O3adata. We study how these distributions depend on the merger-rate and ejectionsparameters and produce forecasts for the (tight) constraints that can be placedon our model parameters using the future dataset of the O5 run. Finally, wealso consider the presence of a static channel with no coagulation producingmerger events alongside the dynamic channel, finding that the two can bedistinguished based solely on the merger mass distribution with future O5 data.

Outliers in the LIGO Black Hole Mass Function from Coagulation in Dense Clusters