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Despite their ubiquity throughout the Universe, the formation of S0 galaxiesremains uncertain. Recent observations have revealed that S0 galaxies make up adiverse population which is difficult to explain with a single formationpathway, suggesting that the picture of how these galaxies form is morecomplicated than originally envisioned. Here we take advantage of the latesthydrodynamical cosmological simulations and follow up these studies with aninvestigation into the formation histories of S0s in IllustrisTNG. We firstclassify IllustrisTNG galaxies in a way which is fully consistent with theobservations, and reproduce the observed photometric and environmentaldistributions seen for the S0 population. We then trace the formation historiesof S0 galaxies back through time, identifying two main distinct pathways; thosewhich experienced gas stripping via group infalls (37 percent of S0s) orsignificant merger events (57 percent). We find that those forming via mergersfeature a transient star-forming ring, whose present-day occurrence ratematches observations. We find that these formation pathways together canreproduce the range in rotational support in observed S0s, concluding thatthere are two main formation pathways for S0 galaxies.

The two formation pathways of S0 galaxies