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Observational studies of exoplanets are suggestive of a ubiquitous presenceof clouds. The current modelling techniques used in emission to account for theclouds tend to require prior knowledge of the cloud condensing species andoften do not consider the scattering effects of the cloud. We explore theeffects that thermal scattering has on the emission spectra by modelling asuite of hot Jupiter atmospheres with varying cloud single-scattering albedos(SSAs) and temperature profiles. We examine cases ranging from simpleisothermal conditions to more complex structures and physically driven cloudmodelling. We show that scattering from nightside clouds would lead tobrightness temperatures that are cooler than the real atmospheric temperatureif scattering is unaccounted for. We show that scattering can produce spectralsignatures in the emission spectrum even for isothermal atmospheres. Weidentify the retrieval degeneracies and biases that arise in the context ofsimulated JWST spectra when the scattering from the clouds dominates thespectral shape. Finally, we propose a novel method of fitting the SSA spectrumof the cloud in emission retrievals, using a technique that does not requireany prior knowledge of the cloud chemical or physical properties.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

How Does Thermal Scattering Shape the Infrared Spectra of Cloudy  Exoplanets? A Theoretical Framework and Consequences for Atmospheric  Retrievals in the JWST era