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We investigate the kinematic properties of nine nearby early-type galaxieswith evidence of a disk-like component. Three of these galaxies are located inthe field, five in the group and only one in the cluster environment. Bycombining the kinematics of the stars with those of the globular clusters (GCs)and planetary nebulae (PNe), we probe the outer regions of our galaxies out to$\sim$4-6 Re. Six galaxies have PNe and red GCs that show good kinematicalignment with the stars, whose rotation occurs along the photometricmajor-axis of the galaxies, suggesting that both the PNe and red GCs are goodtracers of the underlying stellar population beyond that traced by the stars.Additionally, the blue GCs also show rotation that is overall consistent withthat of the red GCs in these six galaxies. The remaining three galaxies showkinematic twists and misalignment of the PNe and GCs with respect to theunderlying stars, suggesting recent galaxy interactions. From the comparisonwith simulations, we propose that all six aligned galaxies that show similardispersion-dominated kinematics at large radii (>2-3 Re) had similar late($z<1$) assembly histories characterised by mini mergers (mass-ratio <1:10).The different Vrot/$\sigma$ profiles are then the result of an early ($z>1$)minor merger (1:10< mass-ratio <1:4) for the four galaxies with peaked anddecreasing Vrot/$\sigma$ profiles and of a late minor merger for the twogalaxies with flat Vrot/$\sigma$ profiles. The three mis-aligned galaxieslikely formed through multiple late minor mergers that enhanced their velocitydispersion at all radii, or a late major merger that spun-up both the GCsub-populations at large radii. Therefore, lenticular galaxies can have complexmerger histories that shape their characteristic kinematic profile shapes.

monthly notices of the royal astronomical society

The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary  nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their  large radii kinematics