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SPIDERS (The SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources) is a largespectroscopic programme for X-ray selected galaxy clusters as part of the SloanDigital Sky Survey-IV (SDSS-IV). We describe the final dataset in the contextof SDSS Data Release 16 (DR16): the survey overall characteristics, finaltargeting strategies, achieved completeness and spectral quality, with specialemphasis on its use as a galaxy cluster sample for cosmology applications.SPIDERS now consists of about 27,000 new optical spectra of galaxies selectedwithin 4,000 photometric red sequences, each associated with an X-ray source.The excellent spectrograph efficiency and a robust analysis pipeline yield aspectroscopic redshift measurement success rate exceeding 98%, with a medianvelocity accuracy of 20 km s$^{-1}$ (at $z=0.2$). Using the catalogue of 2,740X-ray galaxy clusters confirmed with DR16 spectroscopy, we reveal thethree-dimensional map of the galaxy cluster distribution in the observableUniverse up to $z\sim0.6$. We highlight the homogeneity of the member galaxyspectra among distinct regions of the galaxy cluster phase space. Aided byaccurate spectroscopic redshifts and by a model of the sample selectioneffects, we compute the galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity function and we presentits lack of evolution up to $z=0.6$. Finally we discuss the prospects offorthcoming large multiplexed spectroscopic programmes dedicated to follow upthe next generation of all-sky X-ray source catalogues.

SPIDERS: overview of the X-ray galaxy cluster follow-up and the final spectroscopic data release