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It has been claimed that the standard model of cosmology (LCDM) cannot easilyaccount for a number of observations on relatively small scales, motivatingextensions to the standard model. Here we introduce a new suite of cosmologicalsimulations that systematically explores three plausible extensions: warm darkmatter, self-interacting dark matter, and a running of the scalar spectralindex of density fluctuations. Current observational constraints are used tospecify the additional parameters that come with these extensions. We examine alarge range of observable metrics on small scales, including the halo massfunction, density and circular velocity profiles, the abundance of satellitesubhaloes, and halo concentrations. For any given metric, significantdegeneracies can be present between the extensions. In detail, however, thedifferent extensions have quantitatively distinct mass and radial dependencies,suggesting that a multi-probe approach over a range of scales can be used tobreak the degeneracies. We also demonstrate that the relative effects on theradial density profiles in the different extensions (compared to the standardmodel) are converged down to significantly smaller radii than are the absoluteprofiles. We compare the derived cosmological trends with the impact ofbaryonic physics using the EAGLE and ARTEMIS simulations. Significantdegeneracies are also present between baryonic physics and cosmologicalvariations (with both having similar magnitude effects on some observables).Given the inherent uncertainties both in the modelling of galaxy formationphysics and extensions to LCDM, a systematic and simultaneous exploration ofboth is strongly warranted.

Exploring extensions to the standard cosmological model and the impact of baryons on small scales