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Previous reports of the changes in the structure of hair in women with breast cancer (1,2) have shown no false-negative results but have reported a number of false-positive results. We present updated reports of two patients that indicate that the changes in the fiber diffraction patterns from hair may reveal a very early stage of breast cancer not as yet visible by any other technique and, therefore, the false-positive results may not be false. The synchrotron fiber diffraction experiments for these two patients were carried out or repeated on the ChemMatCARS and BioCAT facilities at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL). The experiments followed the protocol of James et al. (1,2), as reported earlier. For patient 1, two samples of hair were examined. The first sample was a scalp hair taken when she was 38 years old and supposedly in perfect health. The second sample was a pubic hair taken when she was 43 years old and was undergoing radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatments after surgery to remove an invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Results of these two experiments are illustrated in Fig. 1. The ring associated with breast cancer is clearly visible in both samples from this patient, indicating that the breast cancer-associated change in the hair was already present when she was 38 years old although the breast cancer was not detected by mammography until she was 43 years old. For patient 2, three samples of hair were examined. The first sample, a scalp hair, was taken when she was 41 years old and clear of breast cancer as determined by mammography. Sixteen months later, she was diagnosed with ductal carcinoma by mammography. The second hair sample was a pubic hair that survived chemotherapy (four treatments of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide and four treatments of paclitaxel). The change associated with breast cancer is clearly present in both diffraction patterns (Fig. 2, a and b). When informed about our earlier results, patient 2 presented a sample of hair taken when she was 6 months old that had been stored in a baby book. The change associated with breast cancer is not present in the baby hair (Fig. 2, c). This result clearly shows that the change associated with breast cancer was not present at birth. When a person is undergoing chemotherapy treatment, the weakness of the ring reflects the condition of the hair at that time. Because many of the samples that have been studied have been collected during this period of treatment, extreme care must be exercised to eliminate the possibility of missing such extremely weak rings.

False-Positive Results in Studies of Changes in Fiber Diffraction of Hair From Patients With Breast Cancer May Not Be False