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International audienceLong-term individual-based field studies are essential for understanding how animals are adapted to their naturalenvironment and how they will adapt in the future. Long-term studies conducted on more than 200 mammalianspecies have accumulated 11,000 study years and covered more than 17,000 generations. They have beendominated by studies on social systems and population biology, with little research on ecophysiology—typically,ecophysiological studies are short-term projects embedded in long-term studies. However, physiological dataare necessary for understanding how mammals respond to rapid global changes. This is especially important inconservation, for which long-term monitoring of natural populations is essential. Maintaining a successful longtermstudy requires an understanding of the unique “life history” of long-term studies. Like short-term studies,long-term studies progress from onset to end, but long-term studies differ in the way they are maintained. Thegreatest challenge to long-term research is the need for consistent and regular funding. Long-term research alsorequires principal investigators with strong organizational skills, productive collaborations, and creative ways ofmaintaining financial support. We address challenges and discuss strategies, some based on our own experiences,for the successful management and life history of long-term studies

A synopsis of long-term field studies of mammals: achievements, future directions, and some advice