Comparison of Molecular and Conventional Methods for Estimating Parasitism Level in the Pomegranate Aphid Aphis punicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Aphidiinae (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) is a subfamily of endoparasitic wasps specialized in parasitizing aphids. Although, to date, different methods have been used to measure parasitism level, obtaining an accurate estimate remains challenging due to several limiting factors. This study was set to: 1) Compare efficiency of conventional and molecular-based methods in estimating parasitism level of the pomegranate aphid Aphis punicae (Passerini; Hemiptera: Aphididae), and 2) Estimate seasonal activity of the Aphidiinae parasitoids of the pomegranate aphid. The molecular approach (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) detected the presence of three main parasitoids Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshal; Hymenoptra: Braconidae), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday; Hymenoptra: Braconidae), and Ephedrus persicae (Frogatt; Hymenoptra: Braconidae). The presence of hyperparasitoid and aphid DNAs did not interfere with the outcome, indicating specificity of the selected primers. Minimum concentrations of DNA needed for successful amplifications were 16.33, 28.65, and 22.65 ng µl−1, for L. fabarum, B. angelicae, and E. persicae, respectively. The level of parasitism was significantly higher in spring (28.42%) than both summer and fall; parasitism level during summer (11.89%) and fall (5.86%) formed a homogeneous statistical subset. Although the overall level of parasitism estimated by PCR (22.7%) was more than twofold higher than those estimated by a conventional counting method (10.5%), there was a strong positive correlation between the two approaches. Provided the potential limitations of either method, simultaneous use of both methods was recommended for an objective estimate of the effectiveness of the Aphidiinae parasitoids as biological control agents of A. punicae.