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This is an extended version of what appears in the text under Section 2 The issue of child labor is not new in the Indian context. Since independence in 1947, the Government of India has taken various measures to stamp out child labor. The constitution, written in 1950, bluntly states, ”no child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment” (Weiner 1991). While children were first recognized as being part of the labor force in the Factories Act of 1881 (Das 1933), weak enforcement meant constant updates and revisions to the procedures that were aimed at tamping down the incidence and harmful effects of child labor. Most of these laws targeted towards curbing child labor were passed in the 1950s and 1960s were aimed at specific industries and each law had slightly different minimum age restrictions and penalties. For example: “The Plantations Labour Act of 1951 prohibited the employment of children below twelve, and adolescents between the ages of twelve and eighteen were required to obtain a certificate of fitness. Both laws prohibited night work for children. The Mines Act of 1952, and especially since 1984, has categorically rejected the employment of persons below the age of eighteen years, with the exception of apprentices under the Apprentices Act of 1961, or other trainees under proper supervision who may be as young as sixteen years. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1958 prohibits employment of children under fourteen. The Motor Transport Workers Act of 1961 prohibits employment of children below fifteen ”in any capacity in any motor transport undertaking.” The

Perverse Consequences of Well Intentioned Regulation: Evidence from India’s Child Labor Ban