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Turkey often presents itself, and is often hailed by its allies, as being a positive example of secular democracy for Muslim countries to emulate.1Scholars analyze the country as a relatively successful case of secular modernization and state-building in a postimperial, Muslim-majority society. At the same time, Turkish state-dominated secularism (laiklik) has long been criticized as an undemocratic or even unsecular model. But critical accounts often make mutually exclusive and contradictory assertions regarding the nature of Turkish secularism. The question is: What exactly went awry with laiklik?

Is Turkish Secularism Antireligious, Reformist, Separationist, Integrationist, or Simply Undemocratic?