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Oral penicillin V given three times daily in doses of 50,000-100,000 IU daily has been the standard treatment for tonsillopharyngitis for the last few decades. These regimens, initially recommended by the American Heart Association, were extrapolated from i.v. dosing with long-acting forms of penicillin which had been shown to prevent post-streptococcal sequelae. More recently, several antibiotics, including cefuroxime axetil, have been shown to be at least as effective as penicillin G in eradicating group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GABHS) but their influence on post-streptococcal sequelae has never been assessed in a large-scale trial. The German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) undertook a large study of culture-proven tonsillopharyngitis involving several agents and included a 1 year follow-up to establish the effect on sequelae. In one arm of this study, cefuroxime 250 mg bid was compared with 50,000 IU penicillin V given in three divided doses. Cefuroxime axetil was more effective than oral penicillin V in eradicating GABHS at the assessment 2-4 days post-treatment (441/490 (90%) patients versus 1196/1422 (84%) patients; P = 0.001). Clinically, the two agents were equivalent in efficacy, and carriage rates were similar (11.1% and 13.8%, respectively) in patients receiving cefuroxime axetil and penicillin V, 7-8 weeks post-treatment. One case of glomerular nephritis occurred in a patient given penicillin V. There were no post-streptococcal sequelae confirmed for patients treated with cefuroxime axetil. The findings confirm the previously reported efficacy of short-course (4-5 day) treatments with cefuroxime axetil and indicate that short-course treatment is comparable to the standard oral penicillin V regimen in preventing post-streptococcal sequelae.

Comparison of short-course (5 day) cefuroxime axetil with a standard 10 day oral penicillin V regimen in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis