Using Safety-II and resilient healthcare principles to learn from Never Events

Objectives Conduct a secondary analysis of root cause analysis (RCA) reports of Never Events to determine whether and how Safety-II/resilient healthcare principles could contribute to improving the quality of investigation reports and therefore preventing future Never Events. Design Qualitative and quantitative retrospective analysis of RCA reports. Setting A large acute healthcare Trust in London. Participants None. Interventions None. Main outcome measure Quality of RCA reports, robustness of actions proposed. Results RCA reports had low-to-moderate effectiveness ratings and low resilience ratings. Reports identified many system vulnerabilities that were not addressed in the actions proposed. Using a Safety-II/resilient healthcare lens to examine work-as-done and misalignments between demand and capacity would strengthen analysis of Never Events. Conclusion Safety-II/Resilient Healthcare concepts can increase the quality of RCA reports and focus attention on prospectively strengthening systems. Recommendations for incorporating Safety-II concepts into RCA processes are provided.