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Costa, A. M. 2009. Macroscopic vs. microscopic identification of the maturity stages of female horse mackerel. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 509–516. The consequences to fisheries management of erroneous macroscopic identification of maturity stages are evaluated. The percentage error in macroscopic identification of maturity stages of female horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) from the Portuguese coast was determined and analysed by maturity stage, between the periods January–June and July–December, between research surveys and commercial landings, and between per year and month and by length class, to assess its implications in determination of spawning season, maturity ogives, and spawning-stock biomass. The highest percentage errors in macroscopic identification were between late ripening and partly spent stages, in fish &gt;30 cm, and for all fish collected in 1998 and 2005. Late ripening was generally macroscopically underestimated, and the partly spent stage overestimated. The implications for the information provided to the ICES assessment working group are analysed.