Preventative Management Time Studies of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Bioneem on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, PA, 1992:

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 4 x 4 ft, arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 2 80O4VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 4 ft boom, operating at 28 psi. 790-800 ml of mixed solution were applied to each replicate. Treatment applications were completed on four dates as follows: 5 Aug (air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 72°F, % RH, 65; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 40.0% sand, 47.1% silt, 12.9% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.6; and cloudy skies), 10 Aug (air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 82°F; % RH, 60; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 36.5% sand, 48.6% silt, 14.9% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.9%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.9; and clear skies), 20 Aug (air temp, 66°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 66°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 66°F; % RH, 100; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 40.0% sand, 48.0% silt, 12.0% clay; organic mater, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 18.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; and cloudy skies), and 24 Aug (air temp, 84°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 72°F; % RH, 80; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 42.0% sand, 47.6% silt, 10.4% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 16.3%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; and clear skies). Immediately after treatment only Turcam 76W replicates were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed between 22-24 Sept. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.