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Several formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), three new B. thuringiensis strains, fenoxycarb, and thuringiensin (P-exotoxin) were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, N.C. Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS, 75% soluble powder) was used as an insecticide standard. Tobacco was transplanted on 20 May and 3 Jun into 2 fields of Helena sandy loam that had been treated with isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg [AI]/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2E, 0.56 kg [AI]/ha) for weed and disease control, respectively. Diphenamid (Enide 90W, 4.48 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on 26 Jun to extend weed control. Plants were placed on 56-cm centers with 1.2 m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were set up in randomized complete block designs with 5 replicates for each experiment. On 27 Jul, plants in half of the early-planted field ;were cut off to 10 cm above the ground. One sucker was allowed to regrow from each plant, and this regrowth was used in Experiments 5 and 6. Plants were infested with 2 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1, 2, 5, and 6) or 2 3-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae (Experiments 3 and 4) from laboratory colonies on 26 Jun; 7, 15, and 22 Jul; 26 Aug; and 2 Sep for Experiments 1-6, respectively. Seldom does more than 1 budworm larvae/plant survive ‘in the untreated controls. A new tobacco budworm laboratory colony is started yearly from larvae collected from tobacco in the late summer. The tobacco hornworm colony has been in continuous culture for 22 years. Plots were treated on 29 Jun; 10, 17, and 24 Jul; 28 Aug; and 3 Sep. Sprays were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer, equipped with a flat-fan nozzle, at a rate of 234 liters/ha with 4.1 × 10° Pa. Granular materials were measured into individual 30-ml cups for each plant, then sprinkled by hand from a height of 15-30 cm over each tobacco bud. Some granules were distributed over the plant, into the bud as well as on lower leaves. Live larvae were counted 3 and 7 days after spraying, except for experiment 6 which was checked only 6 days after spraying. All count data, x, were transformed to × + 0.5 before analysis of variance; means in the tables were calculated from untransformed data. ; Treatment means were separated using Waller-Duncan K-ratio r-test; K = 100, a = 0.05.

Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Various Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis, Thuringiensin, and Fenoxycarb, 1987