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Treatment of retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation The various options for the treatment of retrograde ejaculation (RE) and anejaculation (AE) are discussed systematically in this review. A total of 88 studies dealing with patients with RE emphasize medical treatment for reversal of RE and retrieval of spermatozoa from urine. In 136 studies concerning patients with AE, the main emphasis is on medical treatment, electroejaculation (EE) and electrovibration stimulation (EVS) for the reversal of AE. Sperm quality in patients with RE and AE is often impaired. However, with the help of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) available today, both ejaculation disorders can be considered as treatable diseases. The major problem when analysing the studies was the uneven methodological quality of the original articles and the difficulties presented by different drugs and dosages, equipment and techniques, along with different criteria for success. In conclusion, controlled clinical trials comparing different treatment options appear urgently warranted.

Mini symposium: non-surgical sperm recovery: Part II. Treatment of retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation