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Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR)-encoded  cis -acting elements is an important mechanism for the control of protein expression levels. Through controlling specific aspects of translation initiation, expression can be tightly regulated while remaining responsive to cellular requirements. With respect to cystic fibrosis (CF), the overexpression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein trafficking mutants, such as delta-F508, is of great biological and clinical interest. By understanding the post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate  CFTR  expression, new procedures can be developed to enhance CFTR expression in homozygous delta-F508 CF patients. We have identified the key elements of a complex negative regulatory mechanism that is encoded within the human  CFTR  5′UTR and show how these elements act in combination to restrict  CFTR  gene expression to a consistently low level in a transcript-specific manner. This study shows, for the first time, that endogenous human  CFTR  expression is post-transcriptionally regulated through a 5′UTR-mediated mechanism. We show that the very low levels of endogenous  CFTR  expression, compared with other low expression genes, are maintained through the co-operative inhibitory effects of an upstream open reading frame and a thermodynamically stable RNA secondary structure.

CFTR mRNA expression is regulated by an upstream open reading frame and RNA secondary structure in its 5′ untranslated region