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X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) is genetically heterogeneous with two causative genes identified,  RPGR  and  RP2.  We previously mapped a locus for a severe form of XLRP, RP23, to a 10.71 Mb interval on Xp22.31-22.13 containing 62 genes. Candidate gene screening failed to identify a causative mutation, so we adopted targeted genomic next-generation sequencing of the disease interval to determine the molecular cause of RP23. No coding variants or variants within or near splice sites were identified. In contrast, a variant deep within intron 9 of  OFD1  increased the splice site prediction score 4 bp upstream of the variant. Mutations in  OFD1  cause the syndromic ciliopathies orofaciodigital syndrome-1, which is male lethal, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome type 2 and Joubert syndrome. We tested the effect of the IVS9+706A&gt;G variant on  OFD1  splicing  in vivo . In RP23 patient-derived RNA, we detected an  OFD1  transcript with the insertion of a cryptic exon spliced between exons 9 and 10 causing a frameshift, p.N313fs.X330. Correctly spliced  OFD1  was also detected in patient-derived RNA, although at reduced levels (39%), hence the mutation is not male lethal. Our data suggest that photoreceptors are uniquely susceptible to reduced expression of  OFD1  and that an alternative disease mechanism can cause XLRP. This disease mechanism of reduced expression for a syndromic ciliopathy gene causing isolated retinal degeneration is reminiscent of  CEP290  intronic mutations that cause Leber congenital amaurosis, and we speculate that reduced dosage of correctly spliced ciliopathy genes may be a common disease mechanism in retinal degenerations.

human molecular genetics

Deep intronic mutation in  OFD1 , identified by targeted genomic next-generation sequencing, causes a severe form of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP23)