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ARX(thearistaless-related homeobox gene) is a transcription factor that participates in the development of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. ManyARXmutations have been identified in X-linked lissencephaly and mental retardation with epilepsy, and thusARXis considered to be a causal gene for the two syndromes although the neurobiological functions of each mutation remain unclear. We attempted to elucidate the causal relationships between individualARXmutations and disease phenotypes by generating a series of mutant mice. We generated three types of mice with knocked-inARXmutations associated with X-linked lissencephaly (P353R) and mental retardation [P353L and 333ins(GCG)7]. Mice with the P355R mutation (equivalent to the human 353 position) that died after birth were significantly different inArxtranscript/protein amounts, GABAergic and cholinergic neuronal development, brain morphology and lifespan from mice with P355L and 330ins(GCG)7 but considerably similar toArx-deficient mice with truncatedARXmutation in lissencephaly. Mice with the 330ins(GCG)7 mutation showed severe seizures and impaired learning performance, whereas mice with the P355L mutation exhibited mild seizures and only slightly impaired learning performance. Both types of mutant mice exhibited the mutation-specific lesser presence of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the striatum, medial septum and ventral forebrain nuclei when compared with wild-type mice. Present findings that reveal a causal relationship betweenARXmutations and the pleiotropic phenotype in mice, suggest that theARX-related syndrome, including lissencephaly or mental retardation, is caused by only the concernedARXmutations without the involvement of other genetic factors.

human molecular genetics

Three human               ARX               mutations cause the lissencephaly-like and mental retardation with epilepsy-like pleiotropic phenotypes in mice